Guides
Automation and instrumentation guides
How current loops carry a measurement to a PLC, how a PLC turns milliamps into engineering units, and how a pump's duty point becomes a motor rating: the control-system fundamentals behind our automation work.
Written from commissioning notes rather than textbooks. Each guide explains one part of a control system well enough to fault-find it, and pairs with an automation calculator that does the arithmetic.
How 4–20 mA current loops work
Why process signals are currents rather than voltages, why zero is 4 mA, what sits in a loop and how much voltage it needs, how a PLC scales milliamps into bar and raw counts, the NAMUR NE 43 fault bands, grounding and shields, and when a plain loop still beats a fieldbus.
Read guide →How to size a pump motor
Flow, head and the duty point; hydraulic power and why head is not pressure; pump efficiency and the best efficiency point; margins, IEC ratings and the run-out case; motor efficiency, current and the cable; specific energy per cubic metre; and what a variable-speed drive changes.
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